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Aflevering 3, 2017 Alle samenvattingen uitklappen
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Artikel

Terrorisme- en radicaliseringsstudies

Een explosief onderzoeksveld

Trefwoorden terrorism studies, radicalization studies, definition, analysis levels, pitfalls
Auteurs Prof.dr. B.A. de Graaf
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    Studying terrorism and radicalization is quite problematic because of a lack of reliable sources. Finding out what motivates terrorists often boils down to educated guessing. The author describes the search for an academic definition of terrorism and summarizes the development of this discipline since the 1970s, thereby distinguishing research on three levels: macro, micro and meso. While before 9/11 few academics were involved in this research field, it ‘exploded’ thereafter. Important factor contributing to this expansion is the greater availability of government funds and relevant data for this type of research. However, the growth of this discipline isn’t just good news, researchers should be aware of a number of pitfalls identified as the proximity to government power, too much self-confidence (hybris) of researchers pretending to have designed a ‘unified theory’, the abundance of funds for this type of research, resulting in a lot of low-quality research, and finally the politicization of the subject, which could limit the academic freedom.


Prof.dr. B.A. de Graaf
Prof. dr. Beatrice de Graaf is als hoogleraar History of International Relations & Global Governance verbonden aan de faculteit Geesteswetenschappen van de Universiteit Utrecht.
Artikel

Over waargenomen onrechtvaardigheid en radicalisering

Trefwoorden Injustice, perceptions, radicalization, horizontal and vertical deprivation, cognitive capacities
Auteurs Dr. M. Bal en Prof.dr. K. van den Bos
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    The authors propose that perceptions of injustice play a central role in radicalization toward violent extremism and terrorism. Perceptions of unfair disadvantage in comparison with other groups (horizontal deprivation) or by societal authorities (vertical deprivation) will elicit strong emotional and behavioral reactions. In combination with feelings of personal uncertainty and a lack of cognitive capacities to control justice-related emotions, this increases the pull and attraction of radical ideologies. Furthermore, when people join a radical organization, a vicious circle of identification with and justification of radical ideology and illegitimization and rejection of the status quo follow, possibly resulting in the justification of violence to achieve social change. Injustice perceptions are difficult to change, but a better understanding of the basic processes involved allows for the development of prevention and deradicalization programs, which should focus on full and just societal integration of groups and individuals that have a high potential to radicalize.


Dr. M. Bal
Dr. Michèlle Bal is als universitair docent Algemene Sociale Wetenschappen verbonden aan de Universiteit Utrecht.

Prof.dr. K. van den Bos
Prof. dr. Kees van den Bos is hoogleraar Empirische Rechtswetenschap en hoogleraar Sociale Psychologie aan de Universiteit Utrecht.
Artikel

De Nederlandse jihadist

Typen en rollen binnen de jihadistische scene

Trefwoorden jihadism, jihadist scene, foreign fighters, Netherlands, life stories
Auteurs Prof.dr. E. Bakker
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    In the past few years, about three hundred Dutch Muslims travelled to Syria and Iraq to join the violent jihad. This article explores the phenomenon by looking into the individual characteristics and processes of these Dutch jihadis. It presents the findings of a study of the life stories of twelve of them, showing the diversity of the group. It also looks into types of jihadists and their roles in the jihadist scene using categories provided by Maher and Bjørgo. The article arrives at the somewhat unsatisfactory conclusion that there is no standard Dutch jihadist and that we need to study more individual cases and better understand what is going on within the jihadist scene in order to be able to stop people from following the path towards the violent jihad.


Prof.dr. E. Bakker
Prof. dr. Edwin Bakker is hoogleraar Terrorisme en Contraterrorisme aan de Universiteit Leiden en wetenschappelijk directeur van het Institute of Security and Global Affairs in Den Haag. Website: www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/staffmembers/edwin-bakker#tab-1.
Artikel

De radicalisering van moslims: de rol van religieuze ideologie

Trefwoorden religious ideology, Salafism, Radicalisation, Islam, Framing
Auteurs Dr. J. Wagemakers
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    The extent to which religious ideology appeals to potential radicals and the role it plays in their actual radicalization depends on a number of factors, such as the centrality of the religious ideology’s message in the lives of the target group, its breadth, the credibility of both the message and the messenger expressing the religious ideology, as well as its experiential commensurability in the lives of the targeted audience. Variations in each of these factors help explain why religious ideology plays an important role in the radicalization of some Muslims, but less so in that of others, and why the same religious ideology can be influential in some contexts while having little impact elsewhere. This article uses the examples of the Jordanian Salafi scholars Abu Muhammad al-Maqdisi and Muhammad Ibrahim Shaqra to illustrate this and shows that religious ideology should be taken seriously as a factor in radicalization, but should also be contextualized to understand its full impact.


Dr. J. Wagemakers
Dr. Joas Wagemakers is als universitair docent Islam en Arabisch verbonden aan de afdeling Filosofie en Religiewetenschappen van de faculteit Geesteswetenschappen van de Universiteit Utrecht. Website: uu.academia.edu/JoasWagemakers.
Artikel

De relatie tussen islam en terrorisme

Een empirische benadering

Trefwoorden Islam, terrorism, jihadists, Salafism, fundamentalism
Auteurs Dr. M.T. Croes
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    In this contribution the author focuses on the relationship between Islam and terrorism. Based on data from the Global Terrorism Database he argues that Islamic terrorism dominates worldwide since 2002. Paying attention to the creed of the jihadists, Salafism, he argues that it is a continuation of the puritanical tradition within Sunni Islam.


Dr. M.T. Croes
Dr. Marnix Croes is als wetenschappelijk medewerker verbonden aan het WODC.
Boekbespreking

Sharia4Belgium en de verburgerlijking van de provocatie

Trefwoorden Sharia4Belgium, fundamentalist Muslims, political humor, Provocation, ethnic and religious minorities
Auteurs Dr. O. Verkaaik
SamenvattingAuteursinformatie

    In their book on Sharia4Belgium, an organization that during its short existence from 2010 to 2012 criticized what it perceived as anti-Muslim discourse and promoted the introduction of the sharia in Belgium, the authors Pim Aarns and Ineke Roex focus on the use of political humor by the spokespersons of the organization. They offer a nuanced interpretation of the political humor in a large number of online videos, distinguishing between, among other things, the ridicule of right-wing nativist opponents, a ludic critique of sexual mores, and the mockery of other Muslims who do not accept the group’s version of Islam. The focus on humor is refreshing, because in today’s liberal, secular democracy devout believers, and fundamentalist Muslims in particular, are often believed to be lacking a sense of humor. Although failing to offer a broader analysis of political humor in current political discourse, the book successfully shows that radical religious ideology and political humor are not mutually exclusive.


Dr. O. Verkaaik
Dr. Oskar Verkaaik is als universitair hoofddocent verbonden aan de Faculteit der Maatschappij- en Gedragswetenschappen van de Universiteit van Amsterdam, programmagroep Globalising Culture and the Quest for Belonging.
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